"Scientists from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, have discovered that sleep increases the reproduction of cells that form myelin – the insulating material found on nerve cell projections in the brain and spinal cord. Previous studies over the years have shown that numerous genes are switched on as we sleep and switched off during wakefulness. But according to the researchers, how sleep can affect certain types of cells was unknown." Medical News Today
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Oligodendrocyte Activity: Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system responsible for producing and maintaining myelin. While you sleep, these cells become more active and repair damaged myelin. Oligodendrocytes generate new myelin sheaths and replace old or damaged ones.
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Synaptic Pruning: During deep sleep stages, the brain undergoes a process called synaptic pruning, where unnecessary or weak synaptic connections are eliminated, and stronger connections are reinforced. This helps streamline and improve the efficiency of neural communication, which is essential for myelin integrity.
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Glymphatic System: The glymphatic system is a waste clearance system in the brain that becomes more active during sleep. It helps remove metabolic waste products, including those from myelin breakdown. Proper waste removal is essential for maintaining a healthy myelin environment.
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Neuroplasticity: Sleep is crucial for neural plasticity, the brain's ability to adapt and change in response to experiences. This plasticity involves the creation and strengthening of neural connections, which can influence myelin formation and repair.
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Growth Hormone Release: Sleep, particularly during deep sleep stages, triggers the release of growth hormone. This hormone promotes the growth and repair of various tissues, including myelin.
Overall, sleep is essential for maintaining the structure and function of myelin in the brain. Chronic sleep deprivation or disturbances can negatively impact myelin maintenance and contribute to various neurological and cognitive problems, including those seen in conditions like multiple sclerosis. To support optimal brain health and myelin repair, it's important to prioritize regular, restorative sleep.